2. Content and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from Ningbo ladies dating 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, the new WBQ brings: (A) research towards reputation of new member; (B) tape off use into period of the past few days away from solid and you may water dinner, drinking water or products of a semi-quantitative restaurants regularity survey (FFQ) of 58 foods validated having estimating times intake together with additional glucose and you may honey that is put into products; and you may (C) quote out-of exercise using their the brand new Worldwide Physical working out Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and therefore details duration of physical working out from the about three passion account (severe, average, mild exercise) otherwise inactive conditions. The new IPAQ has been validated previously given that a cross-federal instrument to possess recording physical exercise [20,21,22] also to estimate times costs.
The power and you may liquid posts out of submitted meals and you can drinks was reviewed utilizing the Diet plan Data Together with (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and this uses composition study regarding the USDA National Mineral Database and you may picked Greek foods (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Predicated on total opportunity intake and effort expenses, times equilibrium try examined also.
Contained in this investigation, “drinks” relates to fruits juices or packed liquid 100% as opposed to glucose posts, sugar-sweet tasting drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar with sugar, carbonated drinks having glucose and effort/isotonic drinks), low calorie carbonated drinks, teas and you may organic infusions, whole milk (all kinds of dairy, chocolate whole milk and cocoa drink), milkshake and sherbets, coffee-and coffees products, and you will liquor (beer, drink and all of style of alcoholic beverages). “Drink times intake (DEI)” describes energy intake out of products “full time intake (TEI)” so you can time intake from the provide and “time intake regarding meals” so you’re able to times consumption out-of good and you will fluid dinners (age.grams., soups). The sum off products teams to help you overall opportunity intake (analysis out of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), presented since the full intake of water (TWI), i.e., water away from beverages, water, good and you can water ingredients so when take in drinking habits (DWI), we.elizabeth., water from beverages and you will drinking water.
3. Statistical Data
Email address details are demonstrated given that indicate ± sd for the generally speaking delivered parameters and you will median (P25–P75) toward skewed of them. Normality is actually examined utilizing the chances–probability area (P–P plot) and histograms. Differences when considering anyone regarding your overall energy intake, times regarding beverages, times out of products, times expense, opportunity balance, drinking habits, water of water and products, drinking water off drinks, drinking water out of liquid, liquid away from ingredients, liquid losses and you will liquids harmony was indeed examined to your separate try t-attempt with the usually distributed details as well as the Mann-Whittney U-try into skewed of these. Similarly, differences between the fresh five quartiles of time from drinks was examined to the you to definitely-method ANOVA F-try to your usually delivered variables as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Attempt on skewed of these. Benefit top is place at the 5%. Correlations between the sum from drinks so you’re able to intake of water in the family relations so you can opportunity into the wintertime and you may summer was indeed checked-out of the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s relationship coefficients for typically distributed otherwise skewed parameters. All analytical analyses performed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
